Indonesian Journal of Prosthodontics

Semirigid fixed bridge management with nonvital abutment and narrowed space

2026-01-15T10:34:56+00:00

The prevalence of partial edentulism in adults underscores the increasing demand for tooth replacement options. Fixed partial dentures (FPDs) are widely accepted for this purpose. FPD success hinges on factors such as abutment condition, retainer, connector type, pontic design, and edentulous span. A five-unit fixed bridge with a pier abutment requires a non-rigid connector to enhance prosthetic longevity. Moreover, narrowed spaces require more attention. Analysis and diagnostic wax-up are needed for treatment planning. This case presenting the management of a five-unit semirigid fixed bridge with a non-vital pier abutment and narrow space using diagnostic wax-ups. A 62-year-old woman presented with a missing right mandibular first premolar and first molar, with the right mandibular canine and second molar serving as terminal abutments, and a non-vital second premolar serving as a pier abutment. The space between the canine and non-vital second premolar is narrower than normal. Analysis and diagnostic wax-up were done to ensure the space is enough and to avoid excessive reduction, mainly the canine, as it is a vital tooth. The non-vital pier abutment, which has been endodontically treated before, was strengthened with a fiber post. Continued with tooth preparation and fabrication of a five-unit porcelain fused to metal semi-rigid fixed bridge. The design of FPD plays an important role in the success of FPDs. The edentulous span and non-vital pier abutments require more attention; also, non-rigid connectors act as stress breakers to maintain the longevity of all components of FPDs.

Keywords: fixed partial denture, non-rigid connector, pier abutment, non-vital abutment

Management of bare root complete overdenture in patients with a history of methamphetamine abuse: A case report

2026-01-15T10:34:56+00:00

Methamphetamine abuse has severe consequences on oral health, commonly leading to rampant caries, advanced periodontal disease, and early tooth loss. These patients frequently become edentulous at a relatively young age. In such cases, a bare root overdenture can be an effective treatment option. This report aims to present the advantages of a bare root complete overdenture for a patient with a history of methamphetamine abuse. A 44-year-old male presented with multiple missing teeth in both arches and a history of non-prescription methamphetamine use for approximately 17 years, with abstinence over the past 7 years. This resulted in dry mouth and extensive tooth decay. Additionally, he had been a heavy smoker for the past 28 years. Clinical examination revealed the absence of teeth 18–16, 14–22, 26–28, 31–38, and 45–48. Radiographic analysis showed that the retained roots of teeth 23–25 and 42-44 were relatively long (9–12 mm) with no mobility. After recording tentative vertical dimension and evaluating the occlusal plane, teeth 15, 23–25, and 41–44 were found to be extruded by 4–6 mm. Tooth 15 and 41 were extracted due to poor prognosis. A bare root complete overdenture supported by abutment teeth 23–25 and 42–44 was selected due to severe tooth extrusion and limited interocclusal space. In this case, the bare root complete overdenture improved the retention, support, and stability of the prosthesis, enhancing the patient's quality of life. Oral hygiene improved after drug cessation, enhancing long-term prosthesis outcome.

Custom ocular prosthetic rehabilitation in patient with Post-enucleation deep eye socket using iris button technique

2026-01-15T10:34:56+00:00

The eyes are a vital component of facial esthetics and expression. Ocular defects can have a significant psychological impact on patients. An ocular prosthesis is an artificial maxillofacial prosthesis used to restore the appearance of a missing eye. It can be customized to replicate the patient’s natural eye in terms of color, shape, size, and movement, resulting in a realistic and natural-looking outcome. The objective of this case report is to explain the procedural steps involved in the fabrication of a custom ocular prosthesis, employing an impression technique using a custom tray and incorporationg the iris button technique. A 36 years old female patient came to RSGM Padjadjaran University to fabricate a new eye prosthesis. The patient had a prior medical history of a severe ocular infection, which necessitated enucleation surgery. The ocular prosthesis was fabricated using an impression technique with a custom tray, employing a physiological impression method to capture the deep regions of the superior palpebral socket. The sclera, iris, and pupil were fabricated using the iris button technique. Custom ocular prostheses incorporating physiological impression technique and iris button technique offer ocular prosthesis with good stability and more natural appearance.

Keywords: custom ocular prosthesis, physiologic impression, iris button

Prosthetic rehabilitation in a patient with an anophthalmic socket following enucleation for absolute glaucoma

2026-01-15T10:34:57+00:00

Absolute glaucoma is a progressive condition that causes irreversible optic nerve damage from elevated intraocular pressure. When it no longer responds to treatment, patients may develop severe pain and complete vision loss, making enucleation the final option for relief. After enucleation, prosthetic rehabilitation is essential to restore facial appearance, improve function, and support psychological well-being. This case report outlines the clinical course and prosthetic management of an anophthalmic socket after enucleation for absolute glaucoma, highlighting key fabrication steps and the importance of structured follow-up care. A 23-year-old male with worsening, treatment-resistant glaucoma experienced persistent pain, scleral redness, and complete vision loss, leading to enucleation in 2018. His first prosthesis loosened after two years, and recurrent socket bleeding in 2023 necessitated an additional surgery. A new custom prosthesis was fabricated using a polyvinyl siloxane impression, followed by wax try-ins and precise iris–pupil positioning with callipers and a PD ruler. Acrylic painting was applied to create a natural ocular appearance. After insertion, the prosthesis was evaluated for comfort, stability, and esthetics, with follow-ups at one day, one week, and six months. This case highlights the value of personalized prosthetic design and consistent aftercare in achieving optimal outcomes for patients with anophthalmic sockets.

Digitally-Assisted conventional immediate denture in aggressive periodontitis with limited abutments

2026-01-15T10:34:57+00:00

Aggressive Periodontitis (AgP) frequently precipitates premature, multi-unit tooth loss in young adults, imposing substantial esthetic and psychological burdens. While the immediate provision of a prosthesis is critical to preclude the damaging edentulous phase and sustain patient confidence, conventional impression techniques inherently pose a significant risk of iatrogenic trauma to the remaining, often highly mobile, fragile abutments. This report details a hybrid digital-conventional protocol designed to maximize clinical safety and esthetic predictability during immediate removable partial denture (IRPD) delivery amidst fragile abutments. A 35-year-old female diagnosed with generalized AgP necessitated the extraction of eleven teeth, with only periodontally sound canines and premolars retained. Intraoral scanning technology was strategically utilized for anatomical data acquisition, successfully mitigating the risk of inadvertent dislodgment of the mobile abutments. The resulting digital data facilitated a precise pre-extraction simulation of the final ridge contour and esthetic try-in, guiding the subsequent conventional laboratory fabrication. An acrylic IRPD was delivered immediately post-extraction, successfully resolving the pre-existing diastema and restoring patient function. The strategic integration of intraoral scanning into a conventional IRPD workflow offers a cost-effective, clinically safe, and highly predictable solution for managing complex immediate prosthetic cases involving limited and compromised supporting structures, thereby enhancing treatment outcomes.

Keywords

Aggressive Periodontitis; Immediate Denture; Intraoral Scanning; Hybrid Workflow; Compromised Abutments.

Management of single complete dentures in parkinson’s patients

2026-01-15T10:34:57+00:00

Background: Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that disrupts control of body movement, which directly affects oral function, including adaptation to dentures. Motor symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia, and rigidity, as well as non-motor manifestations such as cognitive impairment and depression, pose challenges in prosthodontic rehabilitation. Purpose: Prosthodontic management of single complete denture for an elderly patient with advanced stage Parkinson's disease, highlighting clinical challenges, care strategies, and the role of caregivers. Case: A 75-year-old female with diagnosis of Braak stage 6 Parkinson's disease have difficulty chewing due to complete tooth loss in the upper jaw and nearly total tooth loss in the lower jaw. The patient experienced motor limitations, medication-induced xerostomia, and difficulty understanding instructions. Management: Prosthodontic treatment consisted of fabricating conventional single complete dentures made of acrylic on the upper and lower jaws. Management of these limitations involved an individualized approach, simple denture design, modification of the tooth arrangement, and comprehensive education involving caregivers, this includes training in denture wearing and salivary gland massage to address lacks of saliva. Conclusion: Prosthodontic management in Parkinson's patients requires simple denture design, empathetic, as well as effective communication and education with both the patient and caregiver to achieve optimal oral rehabilitation. This can improve chewing function, comfort, and quality of life for patients.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, single complete denture, motor Impairment.

Restoring function and quality of life through early interim obturator therapy after left hemimaxillectomy

2026-01-15T10:34:57+00:00

Background: Maxillectomy, whether total or partial, results in significant anatomical and functional disturbances, including oronasal communication, impaired mastication, speech difficulty, and esthetic disfigurement. These sequelae can severely affect a patient’s nutritional status, social interaction, and psychological well‑being. Rehabilitation following maxillectomy aims to restore oral function and improve quality of life through obturator prostheses that close the surgical defect Objective: This case report aims to present the clinical management for hemi-maxillectomy Case Report : This report presents the case of a 76-year-old female, a housewife, who was referred to the Prosthodontic Clinic of RSKGMP Universitas Airlangga by an Oncology Surgeon for the fabrication of an obturator. The patient presented two weeks after hemi-maxillectomy surgery performed on. The patient complained of oronasal communication, hyper nasal speech, and difficulties in mastication and swallowing postoperatively; she had no previous experience using any obturator prosthesis. An interim acrylic obturator was planned to restore oral-nasal separation, improve speech intelligibility and swallowing function, and support psychological adaptation during the healing phase. Clinical procedures included impression-taking of the maxillary defect, jaw relation recording, tooth arrangement, and fabrication of an acrylic obturator supported by the remaining teeth. Follow-up evaluations demonstrated marked improvement in speech resonance, masticatory efficiency, deglutition, and patient comfort, with gradual adaptation to the prosthesis. Conclusion: This case report highlights the importance of timely interim obturator rehabilitation in elderly post-hemi‑maxillectomy patients to restore function, improve quality of life, and reduce psychological distress.

Keyword

maxillofacial prosthesis, obturator, maxillectomy, spindle cell sarcoma

Prosthodontic management of angle class III malocclusion with a maxillary single complete denture and mandibular partial denture: A case report

2026-01-15T10:34:57+00:00

Background:
Angle Class III malocclusion presents a challenge in prosthodontic rehabilitation, especially when a maxillary single complete denture must oppose a partially dentate mandibular arch. Achieving acceptable esthetics and function requires careful planning of the occlusal scheme, tooth position, and vertical dimension, particularly in patients who refuse or are unsuitable for orthodontic or orthognathic treatment.

Case Report:

This case report describes the prosthodontic management of a 63-year-old male patient with Angle Class III malocclusion, presenting with a completely edentulous maxilla and a partially edentulous mandible. The patient’s chief complaint was poor esthetics due to reverse overjet, sunken lip support, and disharmonious smile appearance, compounded by functional difficulties in mastication. A maxillary single complete denture and a mandibular removable partial denture were planned to correct anterior esthetics while maintaining a stable and functional occlusion.

Conclusion:
In patients with Angle Class III malocclusion who decline or are not candidates for orthodontic or surgical correction, careful prosthodontic planning with a maxillary single complete denture opposing a mandibular partial denture can provide satisfactory esthetic and functional outcomes. A case-based, individualized approach is essential to respect the underlying skeletal pattern while optimizing dental and facial esthetics.

Keywords:
Angle Class III malocclusion; single complete denture; removable partial denture; esthetic rehabilitation; occlusal scheme; prosthodontic management.

Aesthetic rehabilitation with crowns and laminate veneers on maxillary anterior teeth and altered cast impression technique for mandibular metal framework partial denture

2026-01-15T10:34:57+00:00

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Partial tooth loss in the mandible can impair masticatory function, phonetics, and occlusal stability, and reduce quality of life. Discoloration and disharmony in the shape of the maxillary anterior teeth also affect smile esthetics and self-confidence. A combination of veneers and crowns on the maxillary anterior teeth with a metal-framework removable partial denture in the mandible is a functional and relatively affordable prosthodontic rehabilitation option.

Case Report: A 46-year-old female patient presented to the Dental and Oral Hospital of Hasanuddin University with a chief complaint of feeling insecure about her appearance due to the shape of her teeth and various teeth in the maxilla. The patient also complained of difficulty chewing due to the loss of several teeth in the mandible. She had never used any dentures before. The patient requested a denture that could improve her appearance and be comfortable so that she could chew food properly.

Conclusion: Rehabilitation using a combination of crowns and laminate veneers on the maxillary anterior teeth and a metal-framework removable partial denture (RPD) with the Altered Cast technique in the mandible successfully improved aesthetics, occlusal function, and patient comfort. This approach provides more stable prosthesis adaptation, natural restorative results, and good clinical success. Comprehensive care and periodic control are required to maintain long-term results.

Keywords: Veneer, crown, Metal framework, Removable Partial Denture, Partially Edentulous, Altered Cast Technique

Integration of leaf gauge technique in the digital fabrication of stabilization splint for temporomandibular disorder: A case report

2026-01-15T10:34:57+00:00

Abstract
Background: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a multifactorial musculoskeletal condition characterized by jaw pain, limited mandibular movement, and joint sounds. A common subtype is disc displacement with reduction (DDWR), often accompanied by local myalgia and arthralgia. Stabilization splints are a standard treatment modality, with 3D printing offering benefits such as precision, efficiency, and reduced clinical time. However, the effectiveness of splint therapy depends on accurate recording of the mandibular-maxillary relationship, which can be reliably achieved using a leaf gauge.
Objective: To report the management of a TMD case involving DDWR, myalgia, and arthralgia in an adolescent patient using a leaf gauge to establish centric relation during the fabrication of a 3D-printed stabilization splint.
Case Report: An 18-year-old male presented with right-sided jaw pain and clicking upon mouth closure. History revealed parafunctional habits, including unilateral mastication and academic stress. Diagnosis was confirmed via DC/TMD Axis I and II, along with clinical and radiographic assessment, indicating DDWR with myalgia and arthralgia. Treatment includes behavioral treatment, infrared light therapy, and fabrication of a stabilization splint. Centric relation was determined using a leaf gauge to ensure accurate mandibular positioning.
Conclusion: The use of a leaf gauge in this case facilitated precise centric relation, enhancing the efficacy of the 3D-printed stabilization splint. This approach contributed to significant symptom improvement and underscores the value of integrating analog tools within digital workflows in TMD management.
Keywords: disc displacement with reduction, leaf gauge, 3D printing, local myalgia, arthralgia

Integrated approach of splint, face and full-body yoga, and smartphonebased cognitive behavioral therapy for temporomandibular disorder: A case report

2026-01-15T10:34:58+00:00

ABSTRACT

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) can result from stress, occlusal imbalance, trauma, and poor posture. Stress often triggers parafunctional habits such as clenching, leading to masticatory muscle hyperactivity, fatigue, stiffness, and pain radiating to the head and other body regions. Conservative therapies include splints, yoga, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Objective: To report the management of a TMD case diagnosed as myofascial pain with spreading and arthralgia using a combination of stabilization splint, face and full-body yoga, and smartphone-based CBT. Case Report: A 28-year-old female presented with muscle pain radiating to the head, neck, and lower back, and limited mouth opening. She had a history of clenching. DC/TMD Axis I confirmed myofascial pain with spreading and arthralgia; Axis II showed mild depression (score = 6). Treatment comprised a stabilization splint, face and full-body yoga, and smartphone-based CBT over six weeks. Post-treatment, mouth opening increased from 25 mm to 33 mm, depression score decreased to 1, and muscle tension was significantly reduced. The patient reported improved quality of life and awareness of parafunctional habits. Conclusion:A multidisciplinary approach integrating splint therapy, yoga, and smartphone-based CBT effectively reduces TMD symptoms. Splints and yoga relax muscles, while CBT enhances stress management and awareness of clenching, contributing to therapeutic success.

Keyword: Myofascial, face yoga, full-body yoga, clenching, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Management of TMD without surgery using prolotherapy with dexamethasone, aquades, and lidocaine hcl for pain and inflammation relief: A case series

2026-01-15T10:34:58+00:00

Background: Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) is a condition involving inflammation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) that causes pain and discomfort. Non-surgical treatments such as prolotherapy using dexamethasone, aquades, and lidocaine HCl have shown potential in managing these symptoms.
Case Series: Three TMD patients received prolotherapy treatments containing dexamethasone, aquades, and lidocaine HCl. The treatment effectively reduced pain and inflammation in the patients.
Results: Significant reductions in pain and inflammation were observed post-treatment, with improved joint mobility and quality of life for the patients.
Conclusion: Prolotherapy with dexamethasone, aquades, and lidocaine HCl is a promising non-surgical treatment for TMD, showing significant reductions in pain and inflammation.
Keywords: Temporomandibular Disorder, Prolotherapy, Dexamethasone, Lidocaine HCl, Pain Reduction, Inflammation, Non-Surgical Treatment.

Complete denture fractures: Insights into clinical failures and management strategies

2026-01-15T10:34:58+00:00

Background: Complete denture fractures are a common complication in edentulous patients, mainly due to a combination of anatomical, biomechanical, material, and technical factors. This condition affects masticatory function, comfort, and quality of life in elderly patients, who are the largest users of dentures. Purpose: This article aims is to review the epidemiology, etiology and contributing factors, and management of complete denture fractures. Review Summary: Various studies show that fractures most often occur within first two to four years of the denture age, especially in the mandible and midline area due to flexural fatigue. The main causes include poor fit, unbalanced occlusion, fall trauma, and material defects such as porosity or an overly thin base. Repairs can be made using autopolymerizing resin, heat-cured resin, microwave polymerization, or visible light-cured resin, with reinforcement techniques such as E-glass fiber reinforcement, which has been shown to increase denture strength. Prevention focuses on proper design, good stress distribution, occlusal balance, and regular monitoring. Conclusion: A clear understanding of the etiology and fracture patterns is essential to improving clinical outcomes in denture fracture management. Strengthening clinical protocols through better diagnostic awareness and preventive strategies can help reduce the overall risk of denture fractures.

Accuracy of intraoral scanning influenced by different scanning distance and ambient light : A systematic literature review

2026-01-15T10:34:58+00:00

Background: Intraoral scanning is now widely used in clinical dental practice. The accuracy of impressions obtained using intraoral scanners is a critical factor in the success of fixed prosthodontic restorations. The accuracy of digital intraoral scanning is influenced by scanning distance and ambient lighting conditions. Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of scanning distance and ambient light on the accuracy of intraoral digital impressions. Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this study conducted a thorough electronic search across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest to identify relevant studies.. The Robins I tool assessed the risk of bias in various study types. Data extraction occurred based on predetermined parameters for studying specimens and assessing outcomes. Results: Multiple studies consistently highlight that maintaining an optimal intraoral scanner (IOS) tip distance, typically around 2,5-10 mm, is critical for achieving high-precision digital models, while both closer and farther distances tend to reduce accuracy. Furthermore, extremes in illumination intensity (0 lux and 1500 lux, especially at 7500 K) leading to diminished scan trueness and prolonged scanning times. Conclusion: Scanning distance and ambient lighting conditions affect the accuracy of digital impressions produced using intraoral scanners.

Keywords: scanning distance, ambient light, precision, accuracy, intraoral scanners

Stress distribution and flexural strength analysis of anterior ceramic fixed prostheses based on connector designs using finite element analysis

2026-01-15T10:34:58+00:00

Background: Anterior ceramic fixed prostheses, such as bridges and resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs), often use zirconia or lithium disilicate. Their success depends on optimal flexural strength and favorable stress distribution to abutment teeth, both influenced by connector design. Objective: This systematic review evaluates the influence of connector design on stress distribution and flexural strength of anterior zirconia and lithium disilicate prostheses using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or in vitro testing. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, studies published between 2015 and 2025 were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Eligible full-text English articles examined anterior fixed prostheses made of zirconia or lithium disilicate through FEA or in vitro testing. Results: Seven studies met the criteria. Round connectors in both materials showed the highest flexural strength under oblique loading, while triangular zirconia connectors performed best under vertical loading. Zirconia exhibited uniform stress distribution, whereas lithium disilicate showed balanced stress. Rectangular lithium disilicate connectors displayed more even stress distribution than trapezoidal designs. Double-ended RBFPDs had lower stress than single-ended designs. Conclusion: Connector design and ceramic material critically influence stress distribution and flexural strength in anterior fixed prostheses.

Keywords: stress distribution, flexural strength, anterior fixed prostheses, connector design, zirconia, lithium disilicate, FEA

Inhibitory effect of cinnamomum burmanii extract against Staphylococcus aureus on acrylic resin denture bases

2026-01-15T10:34:58+00:00

Background: Denture base acrylic resin properties is susceptible to bacteria colonization which further induce post insertion problems. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Cinnamomum burmanii extract against Staphylococcus aureus on heat-cured acrylic resin denture base material. Materials and method: An in vitro post-test only control group design was used with 28 acrylic resin plates (9x9x3 mm) contaminated with S. aureus (0.5 McFarland). Samples were randomly divided into seven groups (n=4): positive control (0.2% chlorhexidine), negative control (aquades), and five treatment groups immersed in C. burmanii extract at concentrations of 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, and 1.56%. Immersion was performed for 8 hours, after which bacterial colony counts were determined using the Total Plate Count method. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and triterpenoids. All concentrations of C. burmanii extract reduced S. aureus colonies compared to the negative control, with a significant overall difference among groups. The 25% concentration demonstrated the lowest mean colony count and showed an antibacterial effect approaching that of 02% chlorhexidine. Conclusion: These findings suggest that C. burmanii extract, particularly at 25% concentration, has potential as a natural denture cleanser alternatives for reducing S. aureus colonization on acrylic resin bases.

The perspective of prosthodontic treatment in adolescent

2026-01-15T10:34:58+00:00

Background: Tooth loss among adolescents may impair masticatory function, alter speech articulation, and affect facial aesthetics. Prosthodontic treatment provides essential restorative options for replacing missing teeth. However, despite its importance, a considerable gap remains in the literature regarding adolescents’ perspective toward prosthodontic treatment. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the adolescents’ perspective toward prosthodontic treatment. Methods : A self-administered questionnaire were given to participants. The perspective of prosthodontic treatment was evaluated using three sections: awareness, knowledge, and attitude. The data respondent were collected and categorized into poor, fair and good. The statistical analysis was performed using reliability and validity tests, as well as the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (P > 0.05).Write your abstract here. Maximum 200 words, single paragraph, in English. Include background, objective, method, result, and conclusion. Result: The adolescents have fair awareness, knowledge, and attitude regarding the prosthodontic treatment. Conclusion: These study showed that adolescents’ fair perspective of prosthodontic is still insufficient, highlighting the need for improved early education.

Differences in milling speed and sintering speed using cad/cam technique on the marginal gap of zirconia dental crown

2026-01-15T10:34:59+00:00

Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is a digital approach to fabricating dental restorations, including zirconia crowns. Compared to conventional techniques, CAD/CAM offers a more efficient and precise workflow. The laboratory workflow in CAD/CAM process provides advantages such as high accuracy and a broader selection of materials, although it generally requires more time than chairside workflows. Manufacturing parameters—particularly milling speed and sintering speed—may influence the mechanical characteristics of restorations, especially marginal gaps, which are critical for long-term clinical success. Excessive marginal gaps can lead to restoration failure. This study aims to examine the effects of milling and sintering speeds on the marginal gap of zirconia crowns made using CAD/CAM technology. This experimental laboratory study involved 24 zirconia crowns divided into six groups based on combinations of three milling speeds (fast, normal, gentle) and two sintering speeds (conventional and speed). Marginal gaps were measured using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA followed by a Post-Hoc LSD test. Results revealed significant differences in marginal gaps related to both milling and sintering speeds (p < 0,05). The combination of gentle milling and speed sintering resulted in the smallest marginal gap (86,36 μm), while fast milling with conventional sintering produced the largest (118 μm). All values remained within the clinically acceptable range (50–120 μm). In conclusion, both milling speed and sintering speed significantly affect the marginal gap of zirconia dental crowns, highlighting the importance of optimizing these parameters for improved restoration quality.